Laser Cutting Machine Market: By Technology Type, By Function Type, By Process, By End User, and Region

Laser Cutting Machine Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Global Industry Analysis: By Technology Type (Fiber Lasers, CO2 Lasers, Solid State Lasers & Others), By Function Type (Semi-Automatic, Robotic), By Process (Fusion Cutting, Flame Cutting, Sublimation Cutting & Others), By End User (Automotive, Metal & Fabrication, Electronics, Energy and Power, Industrial & Others), and Region

The global laser cutting machine market size was value US$ 6,143.7 million in 2023 and is projected to reach value of US$ 11,596.6 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 9.5% from 2024-2030. A laser cutting machine is a tool that uses a laser beam to cut, etch, burn, melt, or vaporize materials. It's a type of CNC (Computer Numerical Controlled) machine, which means it's controlled by a computer. A laser cutter is a machine that uses a high-energy focused laser beam to cut into various plate or sheet materials to create 2-dimensional parts for both hobbyist and industrial applications.

The growth drivers of the market are increasing demand for high-quality products, and the need for precise cutting in various industries. However, the key constraints of the market are material limitations (not all materials can be cut), restrictions on the thickness of metals, and safety concerns related to hazardous fumes generated during the process. Additionally, the key opportunities of the market are growing demand for customized solutions in various industries is expanding market potential. The key trends of the market are increased automation and robotics, the adoption of laser cutting for 3D applications, and the development of green laser technology.  

Key Players

The laser cutting machine market share is inclusive of several companies such as Alpha Laser GMBH, Amada, Bystronic, Coherent, DPSS Laser, Epilog Lasers, Fanuc, IPG Photonics, Jenoptik, Kern Lasers System, Prima Power, Mitsubishi Electric, Han's Laser Technology, Hypertherm and others.

Key Takeaways

  • Asia Pacific market is the dominant market in 2023.
  • The North America market is expected to expand at highest CAGR from 2024 to 2030.
  • Based on technology type, the fiber lasers segment dominated the market in 2023.
  • Based on function type, the robotic segment is most widely used in the market.
  • Based on process, the fusion cutting segment has captured the largest market share in 2023.
  • Based on end user, the industrial segment has expected to dominate the market in coming forecast years.

Facts & Figures

  • In 2024, Bystronic, a Swiss manufacturer of laser cutting machines, introduced a new model in their line of high-power, large-format fiber laser cutting machines - the ByCut Eco. This cutting-edge machine comes with advanced features that ensure high stability and high-quality 2D laser cutting solutions.
  • In February 2023, Jenoptik made a strategic acquisition with American company Kromek, a developer and manufacturer of laser-based gas analysers.
  • In August 2022, Bystronic Inc. partnered with Nano Lock Security to develop tailored security solutions catering to the specific needs of sheet and tube metal cutting, bending, and automation systems.

Key Developments

  • In February 2023, Kern Lasers Systems announced the launch of its new KT300 and KT500 CO2 laser cutting machines. These machines offer higher output power and faster cutting speeds than Kern's previous models.

Laser Cutting Machine Market Segmentation

By Technology Type: Among all the technology types, the fiber lasers is leading the market, this is due to their excellent operational capabilities, high production efficiency, and ability to cut a wide range of materials with precision. Fiber lasers are particularly popular for sheet metal cutting applications, which has contributed to their dominance in the market

By Function Type: Robotic laser cutting machines are more widely used in the market. This is because robotic systems offer greater precision, flexibility, and efficiency, making them ideal for high-volume production and complex cutting tasks. They can handle a variety of materials and shapes, and their automation capabilities reduce the need for manual intervention, leading to higher productivity and lower labour costs.

By Process: The fusion cutting segment has captured the largest market share in the market, as fusion cutting is highly versatile and can handle a wide range of materials, including various metals and non-metals. Its ability to process different materials efficiently makes it superior to other cutting methods, leading to its dominant position in the market

By End User: Among the end users, the industrial segment is expected to dominate the market. Due to, industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and metal fabrication require high precision and efficiency in their manufacturing processes. Laser cutting machines are well-suited to meet these demands, offering accurate and automated cutting solutions that enhance productivity and reduce material wastage.

Laser Cutting Machine Market Summary

Study Period

2024-2030

Base Year

2023

CAGR

9.5%

Largest Market

Asia Pacific

Fastest Growing Market

Asia Pacific

Laser Cutting Machine Market Dynamics

Drivers

The need for precise cutting in various industries is a key driver of the laser cutting machine market. Industries such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and medical devices require high levels of accuracy and precision in their manufacturing processes. Laser cutting machines offer the ability to achieve extremely fine cuts with minimal material waste, ensuring that components meet stringent specifications. This precision is essential for producing high-quality products and maintaining competitive advantage in these industries.

Restraints

Material limitations are a notable constraint in the market because not all materials can be effectively cut with lasers. Materials like certain reflective metals (e.g., copper, aluminum) can be challenging due to their high reflectivity, which can cause the laser beam to scatter and reduce cutting efficiency. Additionally, materials with high thermal conductivity can dissipate heat quickly, making it difficult to achieve precise cuts. These limitations can restrict the range of applications for laser cutting machines and require manufacturers to use alternative cutting methods for specific materials, potentially increasing production costs and complexity.

Opportunities

The growing demand for customized solutions in various industries is significantly expanding the market potential for laser cutting machines. Industries like automotive, aerospace, fashion, and electronics are increasingly seeking innovative designs and components to meet specific needs and preferences. Laser cutting technology offers the precision and flexibility needed to create intricate and customized designs with high accuracy. This opportunity is driving innovation and investment in laser cutting technology, opening up new avenues for growth and diversification in the market.

Trend

The adoption of laser cutting for 3D applications is a key trend in the market. This trend is driven by the increasing demand for complex and intricate designs in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and medical devices. Laser cutting technology allows for precise and accurate cutting of three-dimensional shapes, enabling manufacturers to produce components with complex geometries that were previously difficult or impossible to achieve with traditional cutting methods. This capability is expanding the applications of laser cutting machines and driving market growth.

Laser Cutting Machine Market Segmentation Analysis

Report Benchmarks

Details

Report Study Period

2024-2030

Market Size in 2023

US$ 6,143.7 million

Market Size in 2030

US$ 11,596.6 million

Market CAGR

9.5%

By Technology Type

  • Fiber Lasers
  • CO2 Lasers
  • Solid State Lasers
  • Others

By Function Type

  • Semi-Automatic
  • Robotic

By Process

  • Fusion Cutting
  • Flame Cutting
  • Sublimation Cutting
  • Others

By End User

  • Automotive
  • Metal & Fabrication
  • Electronics
  • Energy and Power
  • Industrial
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
  • Europe
  • The Asia Pacific
  • Latin America
  • MEA

Analyst Review

Laser cutting machines are critical tools in modern manufacturing, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency. The laser cutting machine market is experiencing significant growth driven by technological advancements and increasing demand from various industries. Laser cutting machines help reduce material wastage and improve energy efficiency, contributing to more sustainable manufacturing practices. Key applications are in the field of automotive, aerospace, electronics and also in medical devices. With ongoing technological advancements and increasing demand, the market is poised for continued growth and innovation.

Key Features of the Report

  • The laser cutting machine market provides granular level information about the market size, regional market share, historic market (2019 to 2023) and forecast (2024 to 2030)
  • The report covers in-detail insights about the competitor’s overview, company share analysis, key market developments, and their key strategies
  • The report outlines drivers, restraints, unmet needs, and trends that are currently affecting the market
  • The report tracks recent innovations, key developments and startup’s details that are actively working in the market
  • The report provides plethora of information about market entry strategies, regulatory framework and reimbursement scenario
  • The report analyses the impact of socio-political environment through PESTLE Analysis and competition through Porter’s Five Force Analysis in addition to recent technology advancements and innovations in the market

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Frequently Asked Questions

Laser cutting machine market size was valued at US$ 6,143.7 million in 2023 and is set to reach US$ 11,596.6 billion by 2030, at a CAGR of 9.5% [2024-2030].

• Increasing adoption of automation
• Growing demand from end-user industries
• Rising demand for customization and personalization

The key market players of cigarette market are Alpha Laser GMBH, Amada, Bystronic, Coherent, DPSS Laser, Epilog Lasers, Fanuc, IPG Photonics.

Asia Pacific region dominated the laser cutting machine market.

 

1.Executive Summary
2.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market Introduction 
2.1.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  - Taxonomy
2.2.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  - Definitions
2.2.1.Technology Type
2.2.2.Function Type
2.2.3.Process
2.2.4.End User
2.2.5.Region
3.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market Dynamics
3.1. Drivers
3.2. Restraints
3.3. Opportunities/Unmet Needs of the Market
3.4. Trends
3.5. Product Landscape
3.6. New Product Launches
3.7. Impact of COVID 19 on Market
4.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030
4.1.  Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
4.2.  Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) 
4.3.  Market Opportunity Analysis 
5.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  By Technology Type, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
5.1. Fiber Lasers
5.1.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
5.1.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
5.1.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
5.2. CO2 Lasers
5.2.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
5.2.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
5.2.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
5.3. Solid State Lasers
5.3.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
5.3.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
5.3.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
5.4. Others
5.4.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
5.4.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
5.4.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
6.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  By Function Type, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
6.1. Semi-Automatic
6.1.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
6.1.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
6.1.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
6.2. Robotic
6.2.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
6.2.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
6.2.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
7.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  By Process, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
7.1. Fusion Cutting
7.1.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
7.1.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
7.1.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
7.2. Flame Cutting
7.2.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
7.2.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
7.2.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
7.3. Sublimation Cutting
7.3.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
7.3.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
7.3.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
7.4. Others
7.4.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
7.4.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
7.4.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
8.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  By End User, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
8.1. Automotive
8.1.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
8.1.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
8.1.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
8.2. Metal & Fabrication
8.2.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
8.2.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
8.2.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
8.3. Electronics
8.3.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
8.3.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
8.3.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
8.4. Energy and Power
8.4.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
8.4.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
8.4.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
8.5. Industrial
8.5.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
8.5.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
8.5.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
8.6. Others
8.6.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
8.6.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
8.6.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
9.Global Laser Cutting Machine Market  By Region, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
9.1. North America
9.1.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
9.1.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
9.1.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
9.2. Europe
9.2.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
9.2.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
9.2.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
9.3. Asia Pacific (APAC)
9.3.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
9.3.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
9.3.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
9.4. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
9.4.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
9.4.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
9.4.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
9.5. Latin America
9.5.1. Market Analysis, 2019 - 2023 and Forecast, 2024 - 2030, (Sales Value USD Million)
9.5.2. Year-Over-Year (Y-o-Y) Growth Analysis (%) and Market Share Analysis (%) 
9.5.3. Market Opportunity Analysis 
10.North America Laser Cutting Machine Market ,2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
10.1. Technology Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
10.1.1.Fiber Lasers
10.1.2.CO2 Lasers
10.1.3.Solid State Lasers
10.1.4.Others
10.2.  Function Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
10.2.1.Semi-Automatic
10.2.2.Robotic
10.3.  Process Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
10.3.1.Fusion Cutting
10.3.2.Flame Cutting
10.3.3.Sublimation Cutting
10.3.4.Others
10.4.  End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
10.4.1.Automotive
10.4.2.Metal & Fabrication
10.4.3.Electronics
10.4.4.Energy and Power
10.4.5.Industrial
10.4.6.Others
10.5.  Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
10.5.1.United States of America (USA)
10.5.2.Canada
11.Europe Laser Cutting Machine Market ,2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
11.1. Technology Type Analysis  and Forecast  by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
11.1.1.Fiber Lasers
11.1.2.CO2 Lasers
11.1.3.Solid State Lasers
11.1.4.Others
11.2.  Function Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
11.2.1.Semi-Automatic
11.2.2.Robotic
11.3.  Process Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
11.3.1.Fusion Cutting
11.3.2.Flame Cutting
11.3.3.Sublimation Cutting
11.3.4.Others
11.4.  End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
11.4.1.Automotive
11.4.2.Metal & Fabrication
11.4.3.Electronics
11.4.4.Energy and Power
11.4.5.Industrial
11.4.6.Others
11.5.  Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
11.5.1.Germany
11.5.2.France
11.5.3.Italy
11.5.4.United Kingdom (UK)
11.5.5.Spain
12.Asia Pacific (APAC) Laser Cutting Machine Market ,2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
12.1. Technology Type Analysis  and Forecast  by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
12.1.1.Fiber Lasers
12.1.2.CO2 Lasers
12.1.3.Solid State Lasers
12.1.4.Others
12.2.  Function Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
12.2.1.Semi-Automatic
12.2.2.Robotic
12.3.  Process Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
12.3.1.Fusion Cutting
12.3.2.Flame Cutting
12.3.3.Sublimation Cutting
12.3.4.Others
12.4.  End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
12.4.1.Automotive
12.4.2.Metal & Fabrication
12.4.3.Electronics
12.4.4.Energy and Power
12.4.5.Industrial
12.4.6.Others
12.5.  Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
12.5.1.China
12.5.2.India
12.5.3.Australia and New Zealand (ANZ)
12.5.4.Japan
12.5.5.Rest of APAC
13.Middle East and Africa (MEA) Laser Cutting Machine Market ,2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
13.1. Technology Type Analysis  and Forecast  by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
13.1.1.Fiber Lasers
13.1.2.CO2 Lasers
13.1.3.Solid State Lasers
13.1.4.Others
13.2.  Function Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
13.2.1.Semi-Automatic
13.2.2.Robotic
13.3.  Process Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
13.3.1.Fusion Cutting
13.3.2.Flame Cutting
13.3.3.Sublimation Cutting
13.3.4.Others
13.4.  End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
13.4.1.Automotive
13.4.2.Metal & Fabrication
13.4.3.Electronics
13.4.4.Energy and Power
13.4.5.Industrial
13.4.6.Others
13.5.  Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
13.5.1.GCC Countries
13.5.2.South Africa
13.5.3.Rest of MEA
14.Latin America Laser Cutting Machine Market ,2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 (Sales Value USD Million)
14.1. Technology Type Analysis  and Forecast  by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
14.1.1.Fiber Lasers
14.1.2.CO2 Lasers
14.1.3.Solid State Lasers
14.1.4.Others
14.2.  Function Type Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
14.2.1.Semi-Automatic
14.2.2.Robotic
14.3.  Process Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
14.3.1.Fusion Cutting
14.3.2.Flame Cutting
14.3.3.Sublimation Cutting
14.3.4.Others
14.4.  End User Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
14.4.1.Automotive
14.4.2.Metal & Fabrication
14.4.3.Electronics
14.4.4.Energy and Power
14.4.5.Industrial
14.4.6.Others
14.5.  Country Analysis 2019 - 2023 and Forecast 2024 - 2030 by Sales Value USD Million, Y-o-Y Growth (%), and Market Share (%) 
14.5.1.Brazil
14.5.2.Mexico
14.5.3.Rest of LA
15. Competition Landscape
15.1.  Market Player Profiles (Introduction, Brand/Product Sales, Financial Analysis, Product Offerings, Key Developments, Collaborations, M & A, Strategies, and SWOT Analysis) 
15.2.1.Alpha Laser GMBH
15.2.2.Amada
15.2.3.Bystronic
15.2.4.Coherent
15.2.5.DPSS Laser
15.2.6.Epilog Lasers
15.2.7.Fanuc
15.2.8.IPG Photonics
15.2.9.Jenoptik
15.2.10.Kern Lasers System
15.2.11.Prima Power
15.2.12.Mitsubishi Electric
15.2.13.Han's Laser Technology
15.2.14.Hypertherm
16. Research Methodology 
17. Appendix and Abbreviations 

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